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Science - From Stem Cell To Any Cell

By : Arti Agarwal	Previous \| Next
Posted on : 19 Oct, 2005	Total Views : 1134

For maybe a day, about 9 months before you were born, you were just one cell. Then you were two identical cells. Then you were four. Then eight.
Since then, you've grown into a complicated organism with many trillions of cells grouped into specialized tissues and organs. The cells in your brain do the thinking. The cells in your heart pump blood. The cells in your tongue let you taste food. And so on.

In recent years, scientists have made an amazing discovery. Even though most cells have specific jobs, some primitive cells�called stem cells�exist in everyone's body. Stem cells are unspecialized cells that can develop into nearly any type of body cell.

Embryos� Babies in the earliest stages of growth before they are born have stem cells. Certain tissues in adults also contain stem cells, although the range of cells into which they can develop is limited.

In 1998, scientists at the University of Wisconsin Madison figured out how to collect human embryonic stem cells and make them grow. Since then, researchers have learned to mix stem cells with combinations of proteins called growth factors to make the cells grow into different types of cells. Now, the search is on for ways to use stem cells to treat injuries and cure diseases.

For example, stem cells could be extracted, turned into new bone cells, and then injected into weak or broken bones. Or, they could become nerve cells that could heal spinal cord injuries, skin cells that could replace badly burnt skin, or brain cells that could help people who have suffered brain damage. The possibilities are endless.

"At this point, the ability to create all the different cells in the body has been pretty much proven to be real," says Gary Friedman. He's director of the Center for Regenerative Medicine in Morristown, N.J. "All the focus now is on getting new cells to behave the way we want them to and to go where we want them to go."

Living better

Treating heart disease is one promising area of research. In dishes in the laboratory, scientists have already turned stem cells into heart cells, which gather into a group and throb in synch with one another, just like cells do in your heart.

At the University of Texas Health Science Center in Houston, researchers are now taking stem cells from a patient's own body and injecting them into the heart to rebuild heart tissue and combat heart disease.

Human embryonic stem cells can turn into a variety of different cell types, including (A) gut, (B) neural cells, (C) bone marrow cells, (D) cartilage, (E) muscle, and (F) kidney cells.
Elsewhere, scientists are working to battle spinal cord injuries, diabetes, cancer, and more. But stem cells can't cure all our ills. Some health problems are proving harder to treat this way than others.

Hearts, nerves, and livers are simple, Friedman says. Kidneys and lungs, on the other hand, are organs are tougher to repair. In kidneys, for example, stem cells have to not only specialize but also move into appropriate positions.

The goal of stem cell research is to help people live better, Friedman says.

"If kids are looking at their grandparents, maybe they see somebody who can't walk well or somebody who is partly paralyzed because of a stroke," he says.

"If you could take an older person and give that person cells to regenerate heart muscle or part of the brain that died during a stroke, or inject cells into joints to take away arthritis, all of a sudden you're going to have a pretty vibrant person there," Friedman says.

"This will help society," he says. "People will be more functional instead of being in a weakened state and having to be cared for."

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